Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study.

COVID-19 lockdowns greatly affected the mental health of populations and collectives. This study compares the mental health and self-perceived health in five countries of Latin America and Spain, during the first wave of COVID 19 lockdown, according to social axes of inequality. This was a cross-sectional study using an online, self-managed survey in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Self-perceived health (SPH), anxiety (measured through GAD-7) and depression (measured through PHQ-9) were measured along with lockdown, COVID-19, and social variables. The prevalence of poor SPH, anxiety, and depression was calculated. The analyses were stratified by gender (men = M; women = W) and country. The data from 39,006 people were analyzed (W = 71.9%). There was a higher prevalence of poor SPH and bad mental health in women in all countries studied. Peru had the worst SPH results, while Chile and Ecuador had the worst mental health indicators. Spain had the lowest prevalence of poor SPH and mental health. The prevalence of anxiety and depression decreased as age increased. Unemployment, poor working conditions, inadequate housing, and the highest unpaid workload were associated with worse mental health and poor SPH, especially in women. In future policies, worldwide public measures should consider the great social inequalities in health present between and within countries in order to tackle health emergencies while reducing the health breach between populations.

Asociación entre eventos adversos en el cuidado de enfermería, cultura de seguridad y complejidad de pacientes en un hospital chileno

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar asociación entre cultura de seguridad, complejidad de pacientes e incidencia de eventos adversos (EA) asociados al cuidado de enfermería en un hospital chileno de alta complejidad. Material y Método: Estudio transversal, cuantitativo, analítico y diseño ecológico, que en 869 reportes midió los EA ocurridos entre 2014 y 2017. Se midió la cultura de seguridad con el total de enfermeros/as (95) a través del Cuestionario sobre Seguridad de los Pacientes, versión española adaptada de Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, encuesta original de la Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), de los Estados Unidos; la complejidad del paciente se midió según datos del Grupo Relacionado de Diagnósticos (GRD). El análisis consideró estadística descriptiva y correlaciones de Spearman y regresiones logísticas entre incidencia de EA ajustada a complejidad y cultura de seguridad. Resultados: La media de la percepción de seguridad global fue de 7,69 puntos; las dimensiones 4 (aprendizaje organizacional/mejora continua) y 5 (trabajo en equipo en la unidad/servicio) son consideradas fortalezas; la dimensión 9 (dotación de personal) una oportunidad de mejora; los servicios de mayor complejidad presentan mayor incidencia de EA y mayor cultura de seguridad; existe asociación lineal entre incidencia de EA ajustada a complejidad y clima de seguridad global (coeficiente beta=-5,11; p valor 0,004; IC 1,65-8,5). Conclusiones: Se confirma la asociación entre eventos adversos con cultura de seguridad y complejidad del cuidado. La mayor incidencia de EA se debe al mayor número de reportes y no a su mayor ocurrencia. Las instituciones de salud deben promover estrategias que incrementen el nivel de cultura de seguridad para mejorar los cuidados de enfermería y la calidad en salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association between safety culture, the degree of complexity of the patients and the incidence of adverse events associated with nursing care in a Chilean hospital. Method: Cross-seccional study, with a quantitative approach, analytical and ecological design, which in 869 reports measured AE that occurred between 2014 - 2017. Safety culture was measured with the total number of nurses (95) through the Patient Safety Questionnaire, a Spanish version adapted from the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, an original survey from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), from the United States; the complexity of the patient was measured according to data from the Related Group of Diagnoses (DRG). The analysis considered descriptive statistics and Spearman correlations and logistic regressions between AD incidence adjusted for complexity and safety culture. Results: The mean global security perception was 7.69 points; Dimensions 4 (organizational learning / continuous improvement) and 5 (teamwork in the unit / service) are considered strengths; dimension 9 (staffing) with opportunity for improvement; more complex services have a higher incidence of AE and a higher safety culture; There is a linear association between the incidence of AD adjusted to complexity and the global security climate (beta coefficient = -5.11; p value 0.004; CI 1.65 and 8.5). Conclusions: The association between quality culture, complexity of care and adverse events is confirmed. The higher incidence of AE is due to the greater number of reports and not to its greater occurrence. Health institutions must promote and implement strategies to increase the safety culture level in nursing personnel to improve the delivery of quality care in health.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre cultura de segurança, complexidade do paciente e incidência de eventos adversos (EA) associados à assistência de enfermagem em um hospital chileno de alta complexidade. Material e Método: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, analítico e de desenho ecológico, que em 869 relatórios mediu EA ocorridos entre 2014-2017. A cultura de segurança foi medida com todos os enfermeiros (95) por meio do Questionnaire, versão em espanhol adaptada do Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, pesquisa original da Agência dos Estados Unidos para Pesquisa e Qualidade em Saúde (AHRQ), a complexidade do paciente foi medida de acordo com dados do Related Group of Diagnoses (DRG). A análise considerou estatísticas descritivas e correlações de Spearman e regressões logísticas entre a incidência de DA ajustada para complexidade e cultura de segurança. Resultados: A percepção de segurança global média foi de 7,69 pontos; As dimensões 4 (aprendizagem organizacional / melhoria contínua) e 5 (trabalho em equipe na unidade / serviço) são consideradas pontos fortes; dimensão 9 (pessoal) com oportunidade de melhoria; serviços mais complexos apresentam maior incidência de EA e maior cultura de segurança; Existe uma associação linear entre a incidência de DA ajustada à complexidade e clima de segurança global (coeficiente beta = -5,11; valor de p 0,004; IC 1.65 e 8.5). Conclusões: Confirma-se a associação entre cultura de qualidade, complexidade do atendimento e eventos adversos. A maior incidência de EA se deve ao maior número de notificações e não à sua maior ocorrência. As instituições de saúde devem promover e implementar estratégias que aumentem o nível de cultura de segurança no pessoal de enfermagem para melhorar a prestação de cuidados e a qualidade em saúde.

Desarrollo y fortalecimiento de competencias genéricas en estudiantes de enfermería a través de la metodología aprendizaje-servicio / Development and strengthening of generic skills in nursing students through the service learning methodology

Resumen Introducción. La competencia es entendida como la capacidad para responder solicitudes y realizar tareas de forma adecuada. Los estudiantes de todos los programas deben desarrollarla durante el transcurso de su formación para responder a los requerimientos del mercado laboral. Objetivo. Explorar la percepción de estudiantes de enfermería sobre la adquisición de competencias genéricas a través de la metodología aprendizaje-servicio. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa mediante un estudio intrínseco de casos. La muestra fue no probabilística, intencional por criterios y a conveniencia (16 estudiantes de quinto y séptimo semestre de la carrera de enfermería). La información fue obtenida mediante grupos focales, el análisis se hizo a través de reducción de datos y se contó con firma del consentimiento informado. Resultados. Se encontraron 237 unidades de significado relevantes y 2 dominios cualitativos: "beneficios de la metodología aprendizaje-servicio en el proceso de formación de los estudiantes de la carrera de enfermería" y "contribuciones del estudiantado en relación a la utilización de la metodología aprendizaje-servicio". Conclusiones. La metodología aprendizaje-servicio es un aporte a la formación del alumnado de enfermería y una posibilidad cierta de desarrollar competencias genéricas en diferentes ámbitos.

Abstract Introduction: Skills are understood as the ability to respond to demands and perform tasks properly. Students of all programs must develop them during the course of their training to respond to the requirements of the labor market. Objective: To explore the perception of nursing students on the acquisition of generic skills through the service learning methodology. Materials and methods: A qualitative research was conducted using an intrinsic case study. A non-probabilistic, intentional by criteria and convenient sample was used (16 fifth and seventh semester nursing students). The information was obtained using focus groups, and data analysis was done through data reduction technique; informed consent by all participants was obtained. Results: 237 relevant units of meaning and 2 qualitative domains were obtained: "Benefits of the service learning methodology in the training process of nursing students" and "contributions of the students in relation to the use of the service learning methodology". Conclusions: The service learning methodology is a contribution to the training of nursing students and offers a certain possibility of developing generic skills in different fields.